diff --git a/bukkit/src/main/java/net/momirealms/craftengine/bukkit/plugin/BukkitPlatform.java b/bukkit/src/main/java/net/momirealms/craftengine/bukkit/plugin/BukkitPlatform.java
index 1d43f760f..798b1ea17 100644
--- a/bukkit/src/main/java/net/momirealms/craftengine/bukkit/plugin/BukkitPlatform.java
+++ b/bukkit/src/main/java/net/momirealms/craftengine/bukkit/plugin/BukkitPlatform.java
@@ -1,11 +1,14 @@
 package net.momirealms.craftengine.bukkit.plugin;
 
+import com.google.gson.JsonElement;
 import com.mojang.brigadier.exceptions.CommandSyntaxException;
 import net.momirealms.craftengine.bukkit.nms.FastNMS;
 import net.momirealms.craftengine.bukkit.plugin.reflection.minecraft.MRegistryOps;
 import net.momirealms.craftengine.core.plugin.CraftEngine;
 import net.momirealms.craftengine.core.plugin.Platform;
 import net.momirealms.craftengine.core.plugin.locale.LocalizedResourceConfigException;
+import net.momirealms.sparrow.nbt.CompoundTag;
+import net.momirealms.sparrow.nbt.Tag;
 import org.bukkit.Bukkit;
 
 import java.util.Map;
@@ -19,14 +22,36 @@ public class BukkitPlatform implements Platform {
 
     @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
     @Override
-    public Object nbt2Java(String nbt) {
+    public Object snbtToJava(String nbt) {
         try {
             Object tag = FastNMS.INSTANCE.method$TagParser$parseCompoundFully("{\"root\":" + nbt + "}");
             Map<String, Object> map = (Map<String, Object>) MRegistryOps.NBT.convertTo(MRegistryOps.JAVA, tag);
             return map.get("root");
         } catch (CommandSyntaxException e) {
             CraftEngine.instance().debug(e::getMessage);
-            throw new LocalizedResourceConfigException("warning.config.template.argument.default_value.invalid_syntax", e, nbt);
+            throw new LocalizedResourceConfigException("warning.config.type.snbt.invalid_syntax", e, nbt);
         }
     }
+
+    @Override
+    public Tag jsonToSparrowNBT(JsonElement json) {
+        return MRegistryOps.JSON.convertTo(MRegistryOps.SPARROW_NBT, json);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Tag snbtToSparrowNBT(String nbt) {
+        try {
+            Object tag = FastNMS.INSTANCE.method$TagParser$parseCompoundFully("{\"root\":" + nbt + "}");
+            CompoundTag map = (CompoundTag) MRegistryOps.NBT.convertTo(MRegistryOps.SPARROW_NBT, tag);
+            return map.get("root");
+        } catch (CommandSyntaxException e) {
+            CraftEngine.instance().debug(e::getMessage);
+            throw new LocalizedResourceConfigException("warning.config.type.snbt.invalid_syntax", e, nbt);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Tag javaToSparrowNBT(Object object) {
+        return MRegistryOps.JAVA.convertTo(MRegistryOps.SPARROW_NBT, object);
+    }
 }
diff --git a/bukkit/src/main/java/net/momirealms/craftengine/bukkit/plugin/reflection/minecraft/MRegistryOps.java b/bukkit/src/main/java/net/momirealms/craftengine/bukkit/plugin/reflection/minecraft/MRegistryOps.java
index da5b892ab..dd90cb582 100644
--- a/bukkit/src/main/java/net/momirealms/craftengine/bukkit/plugin/reflection/minecraft/MRegistryOps.java
+++ b/bukkit/src/main/java/net/momirealms/craftengine/bukkit/plugin/reflection/minecraft/MRegistryOps.java
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ public final class MRegistryOps {
                 // 1.20.1-1.20.4
                 JAVA = (DynamicOps<Object>) CoreReflections.method$RegistryOps$create.invoke(null, LegacyJavaOps.INSTANCE, FastNMS.INSTANCE.registryAccess());
             } else {
-                JAVA = null;
+                throw new ReflectionInitException("Could not find JavaOps");
             }
             NBT = (DynamicOps<Object>) CoreReflections.method$RegistryOps$create.invoke(null, ReflectionUtils.getDeclaredField(clazz$NbtOps, clazz$NbtOps, 0).get(null), FastNMS.INSTANCE.registryAccess());
             JSON = (DynamicOps<JsonElement>) CoreReflections.method$RegistryOps$create.invoke(null, JsonOps.INSTANCE, FastNMS.INSTANCE.registryAccess());
diff --git a/common-files/src/main/resources/translations/en.yml b/common-files/src/main/resources/translations/en.yml
index 5612c8ae3..9aee26b3c 100644
--- a/common-files/src/main/resources/translations/en.yml
+++ b/common-files/src/main/resources/translations/en.yml
@@ -71,6 +71,7 @@ warning.config.type.float: "<yellow>Issue found in file <arg:0> - Failed to load
 warning.config.type.double: "<yellow>Issue found in file <arg:0> - Failed to load '<arg:1>': Cannot cast '<arg:2>' to double type for option '<arg:3>'.</yellow>"
 warning.config.type.quaternionf: "<yellow>Issue found in file <arg:0> - Failed to load '<arg:1>': Cannot cast '<arg:2>' to Quaternionf type for option '<arg:3>'.</yellow>"
 warning.config.type.vector3f: "<yellow>Issue found in file <arg:0> - Failed to load '<arg:1>': Cannot cast '<arg:2>' to Vector3f type for option '<arg:3>'.</yellow>"
+warning.config.type.snbt.invalid_syntax: "<yellow>Issue found in file <arg:0> - Failed to load '<arg:1>': Invalid snbt syntax '<arg:2>'.</yellow>"
 warning.config.number.missing_type: "<yellow>Issue found in file <arg:0> - The config '<arg:1>' is missing the required 'type' argument for number argument.</yellow>"
 warning.config.number.invalid_type: "<yellow>Issue found in file <arg:0> - The config '<arg:1>' is using an invalid number argument type '<arg:2>'.</yellow>"
 warning.config.number.missing_argument: "<yellow>Issue found in file <arg:0> - The config '<arg:1>' is missing the argument for 'number'.</yellow>"
@@ -137,7 +138,6 @@ warning.config.template.duplicate: "<yellow>Issue found in file <arg:0> - Duplic
 warning.config.template.invalid: "<yellow>Issue found in file <arg:0> - The config '<arg:1>' is using an invalid template '<arg:2>'.</yellow>"
 warning.config.template.argument.self_increase_int.invalid_range: "<yellow>Issue found in file <arg:0> - The template '<arg:1>' is using a 'from' '<arg:2>' larger than 'to' '<arg:3>' in 'self_increase_int' argument.</yellow>"
 warning.config.template.argument.list.invalid_type: "<yellow>Issue found in file <arg:0> - The template '<arg:1>' is using a 'list' argument which expects a 'List' as argument while the input argument is a(n) '<arg:2>'.</yellow>"
-warning.config.template.argument.default_value.invalid_syntax: "<yellow>Issue found in file <arg:0> - The template '<arg:1>' is using an invalid default value '<arg:2>' for argument '<arg:3>'.</yellow>"
 warning.config.vanilla_loot.missing_type: "<yellow>Issue found in file <arg:0> - The vanilla loot '<arg:1>' is missing the required 'type' argument.</yellow>"
 warning.config.vanilla_loot.invalid_type: "<yellow>Issue found in file <arg:0> - The vanilla loot '<arg:1>' is using an invalid type '<arg:2>'. Allowed types: [<arg:3>].</yellow>"
 warning.config.vanilla_loot.block.invalid_target: "<yellow>Issue found in file <arg:0> - Invalid block target '<arg:2>' in vanilla loot '<arg:1>'.</yellow>"
diff --git a/common-files/src/main/resources/translations/zh_cn.yml b/common-files/src/main/resources/translations/zh_cn.yml
index 522ec704f..4e993c957 100644
--- a/common-files/src/main/resources/translations/zh_cn.yml
+++ b/common-files/src/main/resources/translations/zh_cn.yml
@@ -71,6 +71,7 @@ warning.config.type.boolean: "<yellow>在文件 <arg:0> 发现问题 - 无法加
 warning.config.type.double: "<yellow>在文件 <arg:0> 发现问题 - 无法加载 '<arg:1>': 无法将 '<arg:2>' 转换为双精度类型 (选项 '<arg:3>')</yellow>"
 warning.config.type.quaternionf: "<yellow>在文件 <arg:0> 发现问题 - 无法加载 '<arg:1>': 无法将 '<arg:2>' 转换为四元数类型 (选项 '<arg:3>')</yellow>"
 warning.config.type.vector3f: "<yellow>在文件 <arg:0> 发现问题 - 无法加载 '<arg:1>': 无法将 '<arg:2>' 转换为三维向量类型 (选项 '<arg:3>')</yellow>"
+warning.config.type.snbt.invalid_syntax: "<yellow>在文件 <arg:0> 发现问题 - 无法加载 '<arg:1>': 无效的 SNBT 语法 '<arg:2>'.</yellow>"
 warning.config.number.missing_type: "<yellow>在文件 <arg:0> 发现问题 - 配置项 '<arg:1>' 缺少数字类型所需的 'type' 参数</yellow>"
 warning.config.number.invalid_type: "<yellow>在文件 <arg:0> 发现问题 - 配置项 '<arg:1>' 使用了无效的数字类型 '<arg:2>'</yellow>"
 warning.config.number.missing_argument: "<yellow>在文件 <arg:0> 发现问题 - 配置项 '<arg:1>' 缺少数字参数</yellow>"
@@ -137,7 +138,6 @@ warning.config.template.duplicate: "<yellow>在文件 <arg:0> 发现问题 - 重
 warning.config.template.argument.self_increase_int.invalid_range: "<yellow>在文件 <arg:0> 发现问题 - 模板 '<arg:1>' 在 'self_increase_int' 参数中使用了一个起始值 '<arg:2>' 大于终止值 '<arg:3>'</yellow>"
 warning.config.template.invalid: "<yellow>在文件 <arg:0> 发现问题 - 配置 '<arg:1>' 使用了无效的模板 '<arg:2>'.</yellow>"
 warning.config.template.argument.list.invalid_type: "<yellow>在文件 <arg:0> 发现问题 - 模板 '<arg:1>' 的 'list' 参数需要列表类型 但输入参数类型为 '<arg:2>'</yellow>"
-warning.config.template.argument.default_value.invalid_syntax: "<yellow>在文件 <arg:0> 发现问题 - 模板 '<arg:1>' 在参数 '<arg:3>' 中使用了无效的默认值 '<arg:2>'.</yellow>"
 warning.config.vanilla_loot.missing_type: "<yellow>在文件 <arg:0> 发现问题 - 原版战利品 '<arg:1>' 缺少必需的 'type' 参数</yellow>"
 warning.config.vanilla_loot.invalid_type: "<yellow>在文件 <arg:0> 发现问题 - 原版战利品 '<arg:1>' 使用了无效类型 '<arg:2>' 允许的类型: [<arg:3>]</yellow>"
 warning.config.vanilla_loot.block.invalid_target: "<yellow>在文件 <arg:0> 发现问题 - 原版战利品 '<arg:1>' 中存在无效的方块目标 '<arg:2>'</yellow>"
diff --git a/core/src/main/java/net/momirealms/craftengine/core/item/modifier/ComponentModifier.java b/core/src/main/java/net/momirealms/craftengine/core/item/modifier/ComponentModifier.java
index 5fb24fa13..2406e10eb 100644
--- a/core/src/main/java/net/momirealms/craftengine/core/item/modifier/ComponentModifier.java
+++ b/core/src/main/java/net/momirealms/craftengine/core/item/modifier/ComponentModifier.java
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import net.momirealms.craftengine.core.item.ComponentKeys;
 import net.momirealms.craftengine.core.item.Item;
 import net.momirealms.craftengine.core.item.ItemBuildContext;
 import net.momirealms.craftengine.core.item.NetworkItemHandler;
+import net.momirealms.craftengine.core.plugin.CraftEngine;
 import net.momirealms.craftengine.core.util.GsonHelper;
 import net.momirealms.craftengine.core.util.Key;
 import net.momirealms.craftengine.core.util.Pair;
@@ -17,15 +18,15 @@ import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Map;
 
 public class ComponentModifier<I> implements ItemDataModifier<I> {
-    private final List<Pair<Key, Object>> arguments;
-    private JsonObject customData = null;
+    private final List<Pair<Key, Tag>> arguments;
+    private CompoundTag customData = null;
 
     public ComponentModifier(Map<String, Object> arguments) {
-        List<Pair<Key, Object>> pairs = new ArrayList<>(arguments.size());
+        List<Pair<Key, Tag>> pairs = new ArrayList<>(arguments.size());
         for (Map.Entry<String, Object> entry : arguments.entrySet()) {
             Key key = Key.of(entry.getKey());
             if (key.equals(ComponentKeys.CUSTOM_DATA)) {
-                this.customData = parseJsonObjectValue(entry.getValue());
+                this.customData = (CompoundTag) parseValue(entry.getValue());
             } else {
                 pairs.add(new Pair<>(key, parseValue(entry.getValue())));
             }
@@ -33,28 +34,19 @@ public class ComponentModifier<I> implements ItemDataModifier<I> {
         this.arguments = pairs;
     }
 
-    public List<Pair<Key, Object>> arguments() {
+    public List<Pair<Key, Tag>> arguments() {
         return arguments;
     }
 
-    private Object parseValue(Object value) {
+    private Tag parseValue(Object value) {
         if (value instanceof String string) {
             if (string.startsWith("(json) ")) {
-                return GsonHelper.get().fromJson(string.substring("(json) ".length()), JsonElement.class);
+                return CraftEngine.instance().platform().jsonToSparrowNBT(GsonHelper.get().fromJson(string.substring("(json) ".length()), JsonElement.class));
+            } else if (string.startsWith("(snbt) ")) {
+                return CraftEngine.instance().platform().snbtToSparrowNBT(string.substring("(snbt) ".length()));
             }
         }
-        return value;
-    }
-
-    private JsonObject parseJsonObjectValue(Object value) {
-        if (value instanceof String string) {
-            if (string.startsWith("(json) ")) {
-                return GsonHelper.get().fromJson(string.substring("(json) ".length()), JsonObject.class);
-            }
-        } else if (value instanceof Map<?,?> map) {
-            return (JsonObject) GsonHelper.get().toJsonTree(map, Map.class);
-        }
-        throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Invalid minecraft:custom_data value: " + value.toString());
+        return CraftEngine.instance().platform().javaToSparrowNBT(value);
     }
 
     @Override
@@ -64,13 +56,16 @@ public class ComponentModifier<I> implements ItemDataModifier<I> {
 
     @Override
     public Item<I> apply(Item<I> item, ItemBuildContext context) {
-        for (Pair<Key, Object> entry : this.arguments) {
-            item.setComponent(entry.left(), entry.right());
+        for (Pair<Key, Tag> entry : this.arguments) {
+            item.setNBTComponent(entry.left(), entry.right());
         }
         if (this.customData != null) {
-            JsonObject tag = (JsonObject) item.getJsonComponent(ComponentKeys.CUSTOM_DATA);
+            CompoundTag tag = (CompoundTag) item.getNBTTag(ComponentKeys.CUSTOM_DATA);
             if (tag != null) {
-                item.setComponent(ComponentKeys.CUSTOM_DATA, GsonHelper.shallowMerge(this.customData, tag));
+                for (Map.Entry<String, Tag> entry : this.customData.entrySet()) {
+                    tag.put(entry.getKey(), entry.getValue());
+                }
+                item.setComponent(ComponentKeys.CUSTOM_DATA, tag);
             } else {
                 item.setComponent(ComponentKeys.CUSTOM_DATA, this.customData);
             }
@@ -80,7 +75,7 @@ public class ComponentModifier<I> implements ItemDataModifier<I> {
 
     @Override
     public Item<I> prepareNetworkItem(Item<I> item, ItemBuildContext context, CompoundTag networkData) {
-        for (Pair<Key, Object> entry : this.arguments) {
+        for (Pair<Key, Tag> entry : this.arguments) {
             Tag previous = item.getNBTComponent(entry.left());
             if (previous != null) {
                 networkData.put(entry.left().asString(), NetworkItemHandler.pack(NetworkItemHandler.Operation.ADD, previous));
diff --git a/core/src/main/java/net/momirealms/craftengine/core/plugin/Platform.java b/core/src/main/java/net/momirealms/craftengine/core/plugin/Platform.java
index 09b32b9a5..03e0c52b2 100644
--- a/core/src/main/java/net/momirealms/craftengine/core/plugin/Platform.java
+++ b/core/src/main/java/net/momirealms/craftengine/core/plugin/Platform.java
@@ -1,8 +1,17 @@
 package net.momirealms.craftengine.core.plugin;
 
+import com.google.gson.JsonElement;
+import net.momirealms.sparrow.nbt.Tag;
+
 public interface Platform {
 
     void dispatchCommand(String command);
 
-    Object nbt2Java(String nbt);
+    Object snbtToJava(String nbt);
+
+    Tag jsonToSparrowNBT(JsonElement json);
+
+    Tag snbtToSparrowNBT(String nbt);
+
+    Tag javaToSparrowNBT(Object object);
 }
diff --git a/core/src/main/java/net/momirealms/craftengine/core/plugin/config/template/TemplateManager.java b/core/src/main/java/net/momirealms/craftengine/core/plugin/config/template/TemplateManager.java
index 4d6419008..2f6fb429a 100644
--- a/core/src/main/java/net/momirealms/craftengine/core/plugin/config/template/TemplateManager.java
+++ b/core/src/main/java/net/momirealms/craftengine/core/plugin/config/template/TemplateManager.java
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ public interface TemplateManager extends Manageable {
                 this.placeholder = placeholderContent.substring(0, separatorIndex);
                 String defaultValueString = placeholderContent.substring(separatorIndex + 2);
                 try {
-                    this.defaultValue = CraftEngine.instance().platform().nbt2Java(defaultValueString);
+                    this.defaultValue = CraftEngine.instance().platform().snbtToJava(defaultValueString);
                 } catch (LocalizedResourceConfigException e) {
                     e.appendTailArgument(this.placeholder);
                     throw e;